Compare and contrast Okonkwo and Unoka (Things fall apart...

Things fall apart, written by Chinua Achebe, has a proverb like this: When the mother-cow is chewing grass its young ones watch its mouth. The proverb shows that a child will have his behavior like his parents. However, when the child does not respect the parents, he will rebel and do everything opposite to his parents. For instance in this same novel, Okonkwo has showed no respect for his father, Unoka, who is a failure. Hence, he does his best to behave and act nothing like his father, which lead to the contrast between Okonkwo and Unoka in their characters. Firstly, let us consider their childhoods. We can see from Unokas memory: He would remember his own childhood, how he had often wandered around looking for a kite sailing leisurely,†¦show more content†¦During the planting season Okonkwo worked daily on his farms from cock-crow until the chickens went to roost. This shows that he works with enthusiastic and he hardly becomes exhausted. He had told Nwakibie: I am not afraid of work and he really does. Okonkwo had begun to sow with the first rains; he watched the sky all day for signs of rain-clouds and lay wake all night; he had tried to protect them by making rings of thick sisal leaves and he changed them every day and prayed. all day, all night and everyday shows his determination and perseverance in order to save the yams. In addition, when it is the Feast of the New Yam, it says that he was always uncomfortable sitting around for days waiting for a feast or getting over it, he would be much happier working on his farm. T his proves his joy to work. Although Unoka is being lazy, he still has something that Okonkwo does not have, gentleness, a feminine trait that Okonkwo hates. This can be seen from his despite war. Unoka was never happy when it came to wars. He was in fact a coward and could not bear the sight of blood. We can see that he is a gentle man as he hate to see blood, because when there is blood there must be injured people. He cannot be happy about wars because they bring death to the clan. Another piece of evidence for his gentleness is that he consoles Okonkwo. Unoka said: Do not despair. I know you will not despair. You have a manly and a proud heart. AShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreThe Hero Of Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2190 Words   |  9 Pagesprotagonist of Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo, is portrayed by Chinua Achebe as a hero in his own right. For centuries and across many civilisations, we have revered people dead, alive and fictional alike. Yet if we were to compare every definition of a hero, few would explicitly match. To define – or even simply list – every archetype within the genre of a hero is an almost impossible task as the extensive interpretations and variations span across time and culture. Despite this variation, Okonkwo from ThingsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart2105 Words   |  9 Pagesand research the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe so as to be able to understand what the novel is all about. It involves deciphering all relevant interpretations about how one culture develops in direct competition against the emergence of another foreign culture, such as the colonialist. The novel, together with its various themes and aspects of culture therefore portray deep knowledge about the novel. An Analysis of the Book â€Å"Things Fall Apart† One of the mostRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad vs. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1476 Words   |  6 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe are two novellas written to make a statement about the struggles of early societies. Both stories stir up moments of hope, anger, disappointment, despair, and enlightenment in an attempt to inform the reader of the injustices and societal differences during the 1800’s. Heart of Darkness tells the story from a European Colonist perspective while Things Fall Apart illustrates the outlook of the African tribe member being colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1341 Words   |  6 PagesKelly Zhang Mr. Hadley English 2H 1 1 October 2015 Novel and Play Review Notes  2.) Bibliographic Information Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. London: William Heinemann, 1958. Print. Chinua Achebe (16 November 1930 - 21 March 2013) Modernism — Post- Modernism Period 3.) Key Quotations Through a significant passage in chapter seven, Achebe uses analogy to foreshadow the arrival of Europeans. The description of, â€Å"And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on every tree†¦ they settled on

Margaret Fishero. Sarah Owens. English 12 Honors Dual Credit.

Margaret Fishero Sarah Owens English 12 Honors Dual Credit 16 March, 2017 Term Paper Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting nearly 100 million people. Pollution comes in many different forms and affects the world and the environment in many different ways. Along with the best known pollutants such as water, air, and land, there are other pollutants that many people do not know much about. These include light, noise, thermal, and household pollution and are all just as damaging as the most known ones. Pollution is an introduction of a harmful or poisonous substance into the environment that has a negative effect on life around it. Pollution is deadly, and it is destroying the only world suitable for life. Pollution is a†¦show more content†¦Ship operations and bilge cleanings release around 137 million gallons of water into the ocean a year. When it rains, hydrocarbons that are released from cars and industry settle from the air into the ocean releasing 92 million gallons of dangerous hydrocarbons into the marine environment. 37 million gallons of spilled oil in the ocean is due to major tanker accidents. One big spill, however, can affect not only sea life but also shore life for miles. Offshore drilling causes 15 million gallons of oil to be spilled into the ocean per year due to operational discharges and other spills. Although humans cause much of the oil pollution, natural seeping is also a large contributor. Natural seepage comes from the bottom of the ocean and also from sedimentary rocks that are gradually wearing away. Natural seeps allow 62 million gallons of oil to be released into the ocean per year. (Gradwohl) This roughly means that around 706 million gallons of oil are dumped into the ocean every single year, threatening the lives of fish and sea creatures and destroying the luscious marine environment. Not only is oil a factor that contributes to water pollution, but garbage is also. 14 billion pounds of garbage, mainly plastic, is deposited into the ocean per year, and only one to two per cent of plastic is recycled out of the 10.5 million tons of plastic America alone produces each year. There is so much waste in the oceans that the title Garbage Patch has been given to

The Benefits Of Cooperative Learning For Students Education Essay Free Essays

Why the Cooperative Learning is good for ELL pupils? The range of this research paper is to show the importance of using the concerted acquisition groups to assist ELL pupils to accomplish English linguistic communication proficiency. How does cooperative larning benefit English scholars? David Noyes answers this inquiry with a profusion of research-based facts as it follows: it is non â€Å" endangering † promoting a low affectional barrier, which facilitates a better comprehensive input, the information provided comes from at least two beginnings, the instructor and equals, with the consequence of an improved keeping, and is strategic and purposeful through staging and differentiated direction. In add-on to already advert Multisensory Approach noticed by Noyes, Hammerken suggests that practising with a equal, experimenting different survey attacks help pupils achieve better on appraisals ( 2000, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits Of Cooperative Learning For Students Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 88 ) . In add-on, the concerted acquisition activities encourage sharing and edifice background cognition. The cultural, emotional, and geographical scheme of each pupil is enhanced through brainstorming, group treatments, the usage of in writing organisers, reappraisal of text, reappraisal vocabulary in context. Furthermore, an of import supporting statement is that it â€Å" maximizes the acquisition of English. † Noyes cites Cummings naming the co-op larning an â€Å" empowerment teaching method. † Dr. Cummings in his article Putting Language Proficiency in Its Topographic point: Reacting to Critiques of the Conversational/Academic Language Distinction stress the importance for pedagogues to do the differentiation between basic accomplishments and academic proficiency accomplishments, â€Å" I have suggested that in order to turn to these issues ( Critiques of the Conversational/Academic Language Distinction ) we need to do a cardinal differentiation between colloquial and academic facets of linguistic communication proficiency ( originally labeled basic interpersonal communicative accomplishments [ BICS ] and cognitive academic linguistic communication proficiency [ CALP ] † ( Cummings,19797 ) . The linguistic communication development for bilingual pupils is recommended, â€Å" by supplying pupils with extended chances to transport out undertakings look intoing their ain and their community ‘s linguistic communication usage, patterns, and premises † ( Cumm ings, 1979 ) , which are the features of concerted larning groups activities. Furthermore, Dr. Krashen in his article What is Academic Language Proficiency? explains that understanding and doing the difference between basic interpersonal linguistic communication accomplishments and Academic Proficiency accomplishments is of import for pedagogues in their attempt to back up linguistic communication acquisition, going the â€Å" cardinal end of linguistic communication learning plans. † The article ‘s accent is on the schemes employed to ease the linguistic communication acquisition on accomplishing the academic proficiency versus learning schemes that kids of course develop anyhow and consider, rote memorisation. The efficient schemes recommended for developing cognition of academic linguistic communication and content as they represent â€Å" one of the grounds for the success of bilingual plans â€Å" are ; triping the background cognition, the usage of images, realia, group treatments, narrow reading, and scaffolding for job resolution. All th e schemes indicated can be found in concerted acquisition groups activities. Another ground the Cooperative Learning groups are recommended for ELL pupils is that of the consequence of take downing the affectional barrier followed by the addition of comprehensive input, â€Å" the effectual linguistic communication instructor is person who can supply input and assist do it comprehendible in a low anxiousness state of affairs † ( Krashen,2009, 163 ) . Entire Physical Response as defined by Dr. Krashen ( 2009, p. 140 ) represents the pupil ‘s apprehension and reaction to teacher ‘s directions/commands and shows the degree of motive and engagement during the instructional procedure. The Cooperative Learning Group activities guarantee the entire physical response of the participants by leting the ELL pupils to travel over the submergence â€Å" soundless † phase through a low affectional barrier and reply when they are ready ( Krashen, 2009 ) . In add-on to the pro statements for Cooperative Learning Groups usage is the sum and quality of conversation involved. Harmonizing to Dr. Krashsen conversation, as a method to get linguistic communication proficiency, gives good comprehensive input, is interesting/relevant, and with the presence of a native talker has a low affectional filter. â€Å" Conversation will give the acquirer a opportunity to pattern the tools he has learned and give him possibly the best chance to get new 1s † ( Krashen, 2009, p.163 ) . Rothstein and Turnbull accentuate on instructor outlooks for pupils to utilize a logical-scientific type of discourse, which is really the formal academic linguistic communication as opposed to societal narrative. They suggest â€Å" bridging between narratives and academic discourse † by utilizing schoolroom direction structures which â€Å" promote pupil ‘s battle in signifiers of discourse that they do non utilize at place † ( Rothstein A ; Tu rnbull, 2008, p. 140 ) . As a portion of the Bridging Cultures classrooms the collaborative acquisition is considered supplying the necessary support by furthering positive mutuality, on undertaking behaviours, and advancing academic discourse. Dr. Jimenez explains that pupils are of course supposed to interact during concerted acquisition activities which make monitoring academic address a must. She suggests expressed instruction, charting, and monitored pattern in order to heighten academic address maps. Freeman and Freeman, the writers of English Language Learners ; The Essential Guide, are to the full cognizant of the importance of developing the academic linguistic communication for EEL pupils. Besides, the writers recognize that the ELL pupils have troubles utilizing the formal English linguistic communication every bit opposed to a so called proficiency utilizing the insouciant linguistic communication. In order to develop the CALP and supply more context-embedded direction the writers suggest the usage of in writing organisers, working in concerted groups, and prosecute in hands-on activities which are the forms of concerted acquisition groups ; â€Å" When learning occurs in Quadrant C ( context embedded and cognitively demanding ) pupils develop the academic linguistic communication † ( Freeman, 2000, p. 155 ) . Supporting the subject, Echevaria and writers explain the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol as being the instructional theoretical account designed to assist bilingual pupils to accomplish English linguistic communication proficiency ; â€Å" Effective sheltered categories are characterized by a assortment of grouping constructions, includingaˆÂ ¦cooperative acquisition groups ( 2004, p.105 ) . Furthermore, â€Å" competent linguistic communication scholars actively prosecute these cognitive accomplishments, and research workers know these scholars are effectual, in portion, because they have particular ways of treating the new information they are larning â€Å" ( Echevaria, 2004, p.82 ) . The acquisition schemes considered by the SIOP theoretical account are the Metacognitive, Cognitive, and Social/Affective Strategies. These schemes that are employed through explicit instruction, mold, and scaffolding are the features of direction needed for a instructor implement ing concerted acquisition groups. Making the content comprehensible is done by using attacks as the usage of mnemonics, SQP2RS, PENS, GIST, Rehearsal Strategies, Graphic Organizers, Comprehension Strategies ( Echevaria, 2004 ) . The Sheltered Instruction Protocol is based on research which points out clearly that the grouping constellations has to be diverse â€Å" advancing the development of multiple positions and promote coaction. † Besides, as Noyes suggests every bit good, avoid grouping the low-average acting pupils with ELL pupils. The of import thought is that the ELL pupils get excess support in being grouped harmonizing linguistic communication proficiency degree, but merely for specific activities when excess support is needed ( paraprofessional monitoring, practising a specific linguistic communication impression, etc ) . The concerted acquisition grouping gives every pupil the chance to entree every bit the course of study ( Echevaria, 2004 ) . The writers of Teaching Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities ; Research Based Practices, Cohen and Spenciner, acknowledge the benefits of concerted acquisition for pupils â€Å" both with and without disablements † ( 2005, p.235 ) , because they work collaboratively to accomplish academic public presentation. As a common note the ELL pupils and pupils with larning disablements have troubles understanding and using their cognition to job resolution and higher order believing accomplishments ( Cohen A ; Spenciner, 2005, p.194 ) .The grounds are different of class, but the instructor ‘s attack is to rectify and better pupil ‘s public presentation by learning metacognition accomplishments. Consequently, the ELL pupils will larn how to believe and how to larn from their equals during concerted larning group activities following instructor ‘s mold and cues. A immense importance in the acquisition procedure is made by addressing/applying Gardener ‘s Multiple Intelligences Theory. Hammerken suggests that pupils are experimenting in their attempt to happen the one which supports their learning manner, â€Å" the most effectual method is the method that will capitalise on pupil ‘s strengths † ( 200, p. 87 ) . Noyes considers that â€Å" the multiple intelligences are a accelerator for distinction of direction in category † ( 2010 ) . The Cooperative Learning groups activities address and congratulate all types of MI including the interpersonal ( single work ) , intrapersonal ( pair-share ) which are harder to make utilizing other direction theoretical accounts. In decision, scaffolding on David Noyes ‘ reply to the inquiry â€Å" How does cooperative larning benefit English scholars? † we have explained the important elements that makes concerted learning activities able and indicated for accomplishing the end of English linguistic communication proficiency. Concerted acquisition activities are designed as to diminish the affectional barrier while increasing the comprehensive input, the keeping degree is high, information coming from diverse beginnings with a high degree of hierarchal effectivity, monitored interaction /conversation and instructor ‘s illustrations utilizing formal/conversational linguistic communication easing academic linguistic communication acquisition, anterior cognition is activated and facilitates background edifice, multiple intelligences are approached through staging and differentiated direction. How to cite The Benefits Of Cooperative Learning For Students Education Essay, Essay examples

Organizational Change and Global Standardization

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Change and Global Standardization. Answer: Introduction: To develop the casual explanations of human behavior in the setting of accounting is the aim of the study. Initially Watts and Zimmerman initiated a claim to the term Positive Accounting Theory in their particular theory. However, the article has used this terms in a broader senses in this paper. The objective of this paper is to investigate the positive approach to the research of accounting by discussing its impact in the intellectual project of scientific research project. In the recent times, the setting of accounting has transformed. Most of the large organizations have adopted less-personal or substantial impersonal systems of information while taking decisions. For that impersonal establishment of the human behavior, the positive approach in the decision making has improved. However, the remarkable deficiencies have been observed in positive research, especially in accounting studies. Dunmore (2016) also agreed that positive accounting research has now limited scope to contribute to the intellectual project. This article clearly discussed all these practical deficiencies by exploring several recent papers. The author has tries to establish the fact that if positive and social accounting research, not comprehensively contributed in the scientific research project, the real purpose of the project cannot be researched its destiny. In this study, the summary of the article will conduct along with setting hypotheses of the research. Based on such hypotheses, the theoretical framework will be explained to analyze the contribution of positive accounting research in intellectual projects. Later, the study will discuss the significance and limitations of the article. Most of the complex enterprises are involved willingly in less comprehensively impersonal or the personal systems of information in term of making decision in todays technological world. Nevertheless, numerous critiques have been mentioned as well as depicted in this their own research papers that the face-to-face communications can have the strength in order to rake decisions more accurately as well as effectively (Dunmore, 2016). Therefore, this particular has mainly shed light on the deficiencies as well as the importance of the positive research on accounting by reviewing briefly the intellectual project. On the other hand, this article has also investigated the serious deficiencies in order to process the figures of accounting to an organizations higher authority. Most of the researchers have faced restrictions in order to solve the accepted puzzles in a social group. Nevertheless, this article incorporated the concept of the disciplinary matrix. In this article, the idea behind the concept is about the introduction of the positive accounting elements in order to take significant decisions irrespective of the intellectual or the social contribution driven by the solutions. Hence, the article has been able to prove the idea of disciplinary metrics for the benefit of rendition of accounting data and at the same time increasing the paradigm in form of the decision-making. It has to be also considered that the article is able to provide different types of solutions, which are present by investigating the research of accounting in a positive manner for knowing about its potential. The different aspects of the study have been able to provide adequate data related to working hypotheses which have been set for the intellectual inquiry during the work. The first step taken has been assumed on a imaginative and independent platform where there is no control observed over the wishes related to the human subject. The second observation has been observed where the different types of tested events must be considered only in a significant portion of the world otherwise it cannot be considered for intervention of the results from the external world. The next hypothesi s is based on those people who normally cannot obtain reliable information, which is based on the events in the world, which are carefully observed. The last hypothesis can be shown in terms of intellectual inquiry of understanding the world that needs careful observation with the positive approach especially in the accounting free and it can facilitate different types of improvements in the decision-making. The fourth section of the article the viewpoints have been shown based on the facts which are related to the positive accounting. In most of the cases, the interpretive nature of the researchers have been argued and it has been observed they do not follow positive assumptions to the research. For instance the reality associated with the social aspect can be matched with the opinions of the intellectual researchers. In other terms, the socially constructed events consist of both the positive and the human subjects, which cannot be followed universally (Botzem, 2012). It is needless to mention, that human behavior is considered as one of the important elements by taking positive and transparent decision-making in accounting environment. The various concepts related to the article has a direct relevance to the inner meaning which is used for increasing clarity and facilitate positive thinking in terms of the persons who can extend their personal interactions during the intellectual inquiry. Although the various types of religious understanding may bring about negative impact on such an inquiry. The concepts has been also related for supporting the article based on well-known stories which is used for better understanding of such a theme during the research. In order to understand the different types of positive aspects of the research, the program based on intellectual ideas has able to explore the idea of scientific research which mainly concentrates on the economic and the accounting perspectives. Hence, the paper may be clearly said to be determ ined with deficiencies in its implementation related to perspectives of modern scenario (Board, 2015). The latter section of the study of the hypothesis has been able to depict the application of the different types of concepts related to the theoretical framework. This is evident from the collection of the date of it is important for the most part of the scientific research. For instance the theories are practiced for acquisition of the data however the argument still lies in the different types of concepts related to the acceptance of such theories, which has been carried over for centuries. It has been also observed that the natural scientists often think differently and they are observed to maintain various types of the irregularities practiced from the past theories. In this particular situation is critical observation as being based on application of those theories, which we found to distinguish the current observations. The creative idea in the science may be seen to be composed of varied approaches of the natural scientists. Although it has to be considered that, the concept h as been discussed with utmost criteria and laid down by Popper (Jorissen et al., 2014). Hence, it can be said that the essence of the application of successful programming research has been also incorporated through these articles for making enhancements in the behavior of human beings and taking into consideration the accounting research for better financial decision-making. Hence it needs to be observes that in order to deter mine the different types of positive aspects related to the research program a researcher has conducted a survey. Hence it is needless to say that the various aspects of the survey has been able to reveal the significant amount of Which has been observed between the positive thinking of accounting practice in organizations and the factors which is actually requiring that attention. It has been also observed that in most of the cases the organizations have failed to make an efficient contribution in terms of the expansion and enhancement of the intellectual aspect of the program. Hypotheses of the research: The framework of the research has followed four hypotheses. The author discussed the positive accounting approach in scientific research project. To fulfill the criteria, the first hypothesis is stated that the existing world of imagination is completely independent (Dunmore 2016). In other words, events incurred in this world are not controlled by collective wishes. This point is valid because the author is mainly concentrated the human aspects in the socially concentrated project. Though the positive approach to accounting research is being discussed by the author, the human elements should not be controlled by other wishes. In this way, the decision-making in the intellectual project could be improved. Secondly, it has been assumed that events in the world should not be random and the interventions from outside world should be restricted. The third hypothesis imagined that normal people have the ability to take intellectual decision fairly. However, it does not mean that the human observations can be wrong. The inner meaning of this hypothesis can be stated that the research will include the observations of the normal people to understand their contribution into the intellectual projects. Fourthly, the hypothesis imagined that the intellectual enquiry is primarily used for observations. This helps to incorporate the mental or creative process correctly to the casual processes that occur in the world. Theoretical Framework: To test the logic of the hypotheses, the author used the artificial analogous to Poppers falsification criterion. It has been commonly used in quantitative positive research of accounting. However, the author has used a very dilute version of Poppers logic. As per the theoretical concept, observed regularities are very difficult to maintained because casual observations are depend on creative and imaginative process. Thus empirical data must be altered and decisions must be changed at times (Jorissen et al., 2014). Here in this research, the null hypothesis has been tested by taking auxiliary statistical assumptions. Ironically, the numerical figure of the test is only considered the probable part. This is not certainly incompatible with null hypothesis. Here the lack of interest in the quantitative value of parameter being discussed. Thus, the logic behind the testing hypothesis has lost its essence (Whittington, 2015). Significance and Limitations of the article: The article is important because limited application of casual observations in the intellectual projects have been practiced by many organizations in the recent times. However, there is a huge scope to introduce the positive approach in accounting research for improving the analytical decisions for the project. The author is clearly discussed the research topic by incorporating other views of the researchers for better understanding to the world. Furthermore, the research has incorporated the mainstream accounting for discussing the positive aspects in the intellectual project. The article has notified a huge deficiency in practice successfully. This will help to understand that those casual observations of human behavior can be fruitful in the setting of accounting. Lastly, the article discusses the theoretical framework with the application of the statistical tools. Thus the scientific approach of the article improves the acceptability in the field of literature. However, several limitations have been observed in the article. The author used the dilute version of Poppers logic. This approach has made limitation in testing the hypothesis correctly. Secondly, the superficial analogous has been used for testing the hypothesis. In other words, limited theoretical approach has been discussed in this article. Conclusion: The article is mainly concentrated to convey the theoretical description of positive research and evaluated the differences between current practice of accounting approach from the requirement to operate such research program effectively and efficiently. However, there are several gaps of literature has been observed. Firstly, the application of the theoretical models is used in limitedly. The most disappointing part of the literature is that the quantitative research has been opted while testing the hypothesis. By this approach, it has reduced the testing approach because theoretical model are used by taking auxiliary statistical assumptions. Secondly, the deficiencies in term of measurement have been taken place. Furthermore, the author has shifted his concentration from the testing hypothesis to parameters estimation. Thus, the hypotheses are not being tested rigorously. Additionally, the article has been criticized because least theoretical substances have been used or implemente d for attaining the research outcome. In spite of having several gaps or limitations, the author has successfully portrayed his overview related the research topic. References: Board, A. P. (2015). Tetranormalization and the Accounting Standard-Setting Process.Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations, 69. Botzem, S. (2012).The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Dunmore, p. (2016). HALF A DEFENCE of POSITIVE Accounting Research, (Massey university , wellington Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R., Van der Tas, L. (2014). Corporate participation in the due process of international accounting standard setting: An analysis of antecedents. Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R., van der Tas, L. (2014). Constituents Participation in the IASC/IASBs due Process of International Accounting Standard Setting: A Longitudinal Analysis. InAccounting and Regulation(pp. 79-110). Springer New York. Whittington, G. (2015). Measurement in Financial Reporting: Half a Century of Research and Practice.Abacus,51(4), 549-571.